Weekend Thought - 30th March 2013 !

Many a times we overestimate our own experience, simply because we forget to calculate how much we have gained from that of others…

Good Afternoon!

Have a Great Weekend!!

Happy Holi 2013 !

Good Morning Thought - 26th March 2013!

Mind doesn't stop ambulating even when we sit idle.  However, an idle person can hardly take pride of recognizing the psychological moment…

Good Morning!

Message on World Water Day - 2013!

Water, water everywhere, not a drop to drink

Water, water everywhere, not a drop to drink

BHUBANESWAR: Rivers of Odisha are far more polluted than what is projected by the Orissa State Pollution Control Board (OSPCB), pointed out experts at a seminar here on Wednesday. As the board is yet to put an effective system in place to monitor river pollution, samples collected from the rivers to ascertain the pollution level are not foolproof, said panelists at the seminar on water quality organized by OSPCB.

According to environmentalists, Brahmani, Baitarani and Mahanadi are bearing the brunt of industrial pollution in the state. "The OSPCB may be claiming that only 12% pollution in these river systems is contributed by industries, but the truth is different. Brahmani basin, which is taking pollution load from industrial clusters from Rourkela to Kalinga Nagar, has been rendered a dead river with its water containing cyanide, phenol, coal chemicals and coliform bacteria," said activist Ranjan Panda. There is direct flow of these dangerous effluents from the industrial units round the clock and the monitoring by OSPCB is done only once a month, which is grossly flawed, Panda pointed out.

Release of ash water and other wastes from thermal power stations into the Brahmani adds to the pollution. There are at least three ways through which waste water from power plants and their colonies is being released into the rivulet Nandira which merges with the Brahmani. A thick layer of oil and other polluting chemicals on the surface of the river water has become a common sight. This has endangered aquatic lives and also affected agriculture in neighbouring villages," conceded an official of OSPCB on condition of anonymity.

Environmentalists feared Mahanadi is heading the same way owing to the dependence of a large number of industries on the river. "Though Brahmani is the most polluted river at present, falling in the E category as per the standard set by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Mahanadi is soon going to face a similar situation," said Panda. At present Mahanadi accounts for 62% of the state's total industrial water allocation with 57 industries drawing about 12,95.167 cusec water on a daily basis, the activist informed. "If such huge quantity of water is drawn from the river for industrialization and the industries in turn release deadly chemicals into the river, the situation is going to be more dangerous than what we perceive it to be," he stressed.

Mahanadi, whose basin area is 65,628 sq km area, has 32 pollution monitoring zones set up by OSPCB. There are 25 and six such zones for Brahmani and Baitarani respectively. "We collect samples from the monitoring areas once a month. Mostly the samples are collected during the day or in the evening," said senior environmental scientist B N Bhol.

-          Riyan Ramanath V, TNN | Mar 21, 2013, 07.03 AM IST

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Water-water-everywhere-not-a-drop-to-drink/articleshow/19101709.cms

Indian children face shunted growth due to open defecation?

Dear Friends/Co-sailors,

Pasting below for your interest, an article by Dean Spears, published in The Hindu, that argues Indian children face shunted growth as half of the country defecates in the open!  

Thought this might interest you.  So, picking it today for my blog.

Thanks and regards,

Ranjan

========

The long and short of open defecation

DEAN SPEARS

There is statistical data to show that the height of Indian children is correlated to their and their neighbourhood’s access to toilets

You can learn a lot from measuring children’s height. How tall a child has grown by the time she is a few years old is one of the most important indicators of her well-being. This is not because height is important in itself, but because height reflects a child’s early-life health, absorbed nutrition and experience of disease.

Because health problems that prevent children from growing tall also prevent them from growing into healthy, productive, smart adults, height predicts adult mortality, economic outcomes and cognitive achievement. The first few years of life have critical life-long consequences. Physical or cognitive development that does not happen in these first years is unlikely to be made up later.

So it is entirely appropriate that news reports in India frequently mention child stunting or malnutrition. Indian children are among the shortest in the world. Such widespread stunting is both an emergency for human welfare and a puzzle.

Why are Indian children so short? Stunting is often considered an indicator of “malnutrition,” which sometimes suggests that the problem is that children don’t have enough food. Although it is surely a tragedy that so many people in India are hungry, and it is certainly the case that many families follow poor infant feeding practices, food appears to be unable to explain away the puzzle of Indian stunting.

‘ASIAN ENIGMA’

One difficult fact to explain is that children in India are shorter, on average, than children in Africa, even though people are poorer, on average, in Africa. This surprising fact has been called the “Asian enigma.” The enigma is not resolved by genetic differences between the Indian population and others. Babies adopted very early in life from India into developing countries grow much taller. Indeed, history is full of examples of populations that were deemed genetically short but eventually grew as tall as any other when the environment improved.

So, what input into child health and growth is especially poor in India? One answer that I explore in a recent research paper is widespread open defecation, without using a toilet or latrine. Faeces contain germs that, when released into the environment, make their way onto children’s fingers and feet, into their food and water, and wherever flies take them. Exposure to these germs not only gives children diarrhoea, but over the long term, also can cause changes in the tissues of their intestines that prevent the absorption and use of nutrients in food, even when the child does not seem sick.

More than half of all people in the world who defecate in the open live in India. According to the 2011 Indian census, 53 per cent of households do not use any kind of toilet or latrine. This essentially matches the 55 per cent found by the National Family Health Survey in 2005.

Open defecation is not so common elsewhere. The list of African countries with lower percentage rates of open defecation than India includes Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and more. In 2008, only 32 per cent of Nigerians defecated in the open; in 2005, only 30 per cent of people in Zimbabwe did. No country measured in the last 10 years has a higher rate of open defecation than Bihar. Twelve per cent of all people worldwide who openly defecate live in Uttar Pradesh.

So, can high rates of open defecation in India statistically account for high rates of stunting? Yes, according to data from the highly-regarded Demographic and Health Surveys, an international effort to collect comparable health data in poor and middle-income countries.

International differences in open defecation can statistically account for over half of the variation across countries in child height. Indeed, once open defecation is taken into consideration, Indian stunting is not exceptional at all: Indian children are just about exactly as short as would be expected given sanitation here and the international trend. In contrast, although it is only one example, open defecation is much less common in China, where children are much taller than in India.

Further analysis in the paper suggests that the association between child height and open defecation is not merely due to some other coincidental factor. It is not accounted for by GDP or differences in food availability, governance, female literacy, breastfeeding, immunisation, or other forms of infrastructure such as availability of water or electrification. Because changes over time within countries have an effect on height similar to the effect of differences across countries, it is safe to conclude that the effect is not a coincidental reflection of fixed genetic or cultural differences. I do not have space here to report all of the details of the study, nor to properly acknowledge the many other scholars whose work I draw upon; I hope interested readers will download the full paper athttp://goo.gl/PFy43.

DOUBLE THREAT

Of course, poor sanitation is not the only threat to Indian children’s health, nor the only cause of stunting. Sadly, height reflects many dimensions of inequality within India: caste, birth order, women’s status. But evidence suggests that socially privileged and disadvantaged children alike are shorter than they would be in the absence of open defecation.

Indeed, the situation is even worse for Indian children than the simple percentage rate of open defecation suggests. Living near neighbours who defecate outside is more threatening than living in the same country as people who openly defecate but live far away. This means that height is even more strongly associated with the density of open defecation: the average number of people per square kilometre who do not use latrines. Thus, stunting among Indian children is no surprise: they face a double threat of widespread open defecation and high population density.

The importance of population density demonstrates a simple fact: Open defecation is everybody’s problem. It is the quintessential “public bad” with negative spillover effects even on households that do not practise it. Even the richest 2.5 per cent of children — all in urban households with educated mothers and indoor toilets — are shorter, on average, than healthy norms recommend. They do not openly defecate, but some of their neighbours do. These privileged children are almost exactly as short as children in other countries who are exposed to a similar amount of nearby open defecation.

If open defecation indeed causes stunting in India, then sanitation reflects an emergency not only for health, but also for the economy. After all, stunted children grow into less productive adults.

It is time for communities, leaders, and organisations throughout India to make eliminating open defecation a top priority. This means much more than merely building latrines; it means achieving widespread latrine use. Latrines only make people healthier if they are used for defecation. They do not if they are used to store tools or grain, or provide homes for the family goats, or are taken apart for their building materials. Any response to open defecation must take seriously the thousands of publicly funded latrines that sit unused (at least as toilets) in rural India. Perhaps surprisingly, giving people latrines is not enough.

Ending a behaviour as widespread as open defecation is an immense task. To its considerable credit, the Indian government has committed itself to the work, and has been increasing funding for sanitation. Such a big job will depend on the collaboration of many people, and the solutions that work in different places may prove complex. The assistant responsible for rural sanitation at your local Block Development Office may well have one of the most important jobs in India. Any progress he makes could be a step towards taller children — who become healthier adults and a more productive workforce.

(Dean Spears is an economics PhD candidate at Princeton University and visiting researcher at the Delhi School of Economics.)

Source: http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-long-and-short-of-open-defecation/article4505664.ece

Groups sue 3 W.Va. coal mines over pollution

Groups sue 3 W.Va. coal mines over pollution

HUNTINGTON, W.Va. (AP) — Environmental groups filed federal lawsuits against three coal companies Wednesday, claiming that runoff from their mountaintop removal mining sites have polluted West Virginia waterways.

The Sierra Club, West Virginia Highlands Conservancy and Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition filed the three lawsuits in federal court in Huntington.

The groups accuse Alex Energy Inc. and Fola Coal Company LLC of contaminating water in tributaries of Twentymile Creek with sulfate and other harmful chemicals. The other suit alleges that Consol of Kentucky's Peg Fork mine discharges unlawful quantities of selenium into nearby streams.

Selenium is a naturally occurring element that surface mining can release into waterways. In humans, high-level exposure can damage the kidneys, liver, and central nervous and circulatory systems.

A bill making its way through the Legislature would allow the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection to raise the allowable levels of selenium in lakes and streams. 

It also would order a study to determine acceptable levels of selenium specific to West Virginia. The bill says that the federal Environmental Protection Agency has been considering revising the selenium standards for several years, which raises questions about the usefulness of the current standards. The EPA would have to approve the changes.

The groups, which have spent years suing coal companies over water pollution, also have threatened federal regulators with legal action if they do not rein in state regulators. The Legislature last year passed weaker water-quality standards that resulted in 173 streams that would have made the list of impaired waterways being left off the list. Being placed on the list means a plan must be developed for improvement.

"Rather than forcing the mining companies to clean up the impaired streams, WVDEP is trying to redefine the meaning of impairment administratively so that it no longer exists while the EPA is taking a 'cross your fingers and hope' approach to mining pollution," Jim Sconyers, Chapter Chair of the West Virginia Sierra Club said in a release. "So groups like ours have to do WVDEP's job. We can't allow these companies to keep poisoning our streams."

Representatives for Alpha Natural Resources, which owns Alex Energy, did not immediately return a phone messages seeking comment.

It is the policy of Consol, which owns the other two mines, not to comment on pending litigation, spokeswoman Lynn Seay said.

"CONSOL Energy strives to be a good corporate citizen in the communities where we operate, and as such, we strive to comply with all of our regulatory, contractual and other legal obligations," she added. "Once we have had a chance to review these complaints, we will respond appropriately."

Mountaintop removal is a particularly efficient but destructive form of strip mining that blasts apart mountain ridge tops to expose multiple seams of coal. The practice of flat-topping the mountains, then filling valleys and covering streams with rubble has divided communities and led to confrontations between coal miners and environmentalists.

Consol was ordered to pay a civil penalty of nearly $270,000 in a settlement reached in December with state regulators concerning violations at its Peg Fork mine in Mingo County. The groups argue the settlement doesn't specify a timeframe for the company to bring its selenium discharges into compliance. They also argue the penalty was not adequate "to disgorge Consol of its economic benefit of noncompliance."

Such lawsuits are prohibited as long as the state has "commenced and is diligently prosecuting" to require compliance. But the groups argue the state is doing so, which "leaves a realistic prospect that Consol's unlawful selenium discharges will continue," the groups allege.

They are asking the courts to require the companies to abide by pollution regulations or to pay civil penalties up to $37,500 per day for each violation.

-          Wednesday, March 13, 2013

Source: http://www.sfgate.com/business/energy/article/Groups-sue-3-W-Va-coal-mines-over-pollution-4352145.php